Opiate Receptors

Opiate receptors exist at the biochemical surfaces of specific cells in the body. When an opioid comes in contact and binds to these specific locations, it affects a reaction that creates a series of events that changes the part of the body that those cells control. Opiate receptors are located in the brain, the spinal cord, peripheral sensory neurons (nerves) and in the gastrointestinal tract.

Information On Opiate Receptors

Three typical opiate receptors have been identified with many subtypes. The delta receptor is found in the brain and peripheral nerves. It is primarily responsible for analgesia (pain relief), physical dependence, and antidepressant effects. The kappa receptors, located in the brain, peripheral nerves, and spinal cord also provide analgesia, in addition to sedation, mitosis (pupil constriction) dysphoria (mood change) and decreases the release of the hormone ADH (antidiuretic hormone). The mu receptor is present in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and gastrointestinal tract. In addition to all of the other stated effects, it causes respiratory depression, euphoria, physical dependence, and decreased gastrointestinal mobility.

A fourth opiate receptor called a nociceptin receptor is not typical. When stimulated in the brain and spinal cord, it results in anxiety, depression, and appetite, and produces tolerance to the mu receptors. Another receptor called gamma seems to be related to the antitussive (cough suppression) effects of opiates, but is not classified as an opioid receptor. Other opioid receptors have been postulated, but have not as yet been identified.

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As understood by modern science, the effects of opiates on the human body are complex and contradictory. A central effect is dependency, both physically and psychologically, as well as tolerance. Understanding the physiologic actions of opiate receptors will help understand dependency.